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Borowiec (1999) synonymized these two tribes plus Asterizini womens health 9 diet generic alendronate 35mg fast delivery, under the name Physonotini; however menstrual gas and bloating purchase alendronate with mastercard, Riley et al women's health center macon ga purchase alendronate 70mg free shipping. Physonotine systematics has been touched on in the above treatments of Asterizini and Ischyrosonychini menstrual weight fluctuation generic 35 mg alendronate with mastercard. Six physonotine species in four genera were examined here, and characters were scored for Eurypepla and Physonota. These are resolved separately in clade 54 with Eurypepla in clade 57 as sister to Dorynotini (fig. Ischyrosonyx (Ischrysonychini) and Asteriza (Asterizini) also appear separated, with the former at clade 54 as sister to derived cassidines and the latter ensconced with aspidimorphine genera. The general lack of resolution at node 54 restricts discussion of these tribal relationships. Physonotines have several unusual features: gregarious larvae that range widely in shield behavior (naked, wet, or hard shields) (Chaboo and Gomez, unpubl. The head shortening and retraction may have appeared distinct when considered only among Hispinae s. Promecothecinini were previously allied with Colaenomenoderini and Gonophorini (Seeno and Wilcox, 1982). Promecothecines are found in Asia, Australia, and Madagascar where they feed on Arecaceae, Flagellariaceae, Heliconiaceae, Pandanaceae, Poaceae, Musaceae, and Zingiberaceae (Jolivet and Hawkeswood, 1995; Staines, 2004; Mariau, 2004). The single species sampled by Hsiao and Windsor (1999) was recovered as sister to Hemisphaerotini. In contrast, the single species sampled by McKenna and Farrell (2005) was resolved as sister to Alurnus. Prosopodonta was recovered here in a weakly supported basal branch (clade 10, Bremer support 3; fig. Prosopodonta larve have been reported as miners (Jolivet and Hawkeswood, 1995) and external leaf feeders (McCoy, 1984, 1985) of Neotropical Heliconia (Jolivet and Hawkeswood, 1995) and Arecaceae (Staines, 2004). There is some ambiguity about larval identification (Staines, 2004); nevertheless, if Prosopodonta species do range from mining to exophagy, this diversity has implications for understanding transitions in larval feeding and microhabitat. Sceloenoplini was not included in previous cladistic analyses and is investigated here by sampling two genera, Cephalodonta and Sceloenopla. Sceloenopline monophyly is not supported; instead, Sceloenopla is resolved basally in clade 17 as sister to seven other tribes (fig. The lack of monophyly is not unexpected given historically problematic tribal circumscription. Members have been recorded on six plant families (table 3), and some species have larvae that are scrapers (Mantovani et al. Borowiec (1995) presumed monophyly of Spilophorini and recovered it in a clade with Delocraniini, Hemisphaerotini, Notosacanthini, Cephaloleiini, and Callispini. Hsiao and Windsor (1999) sampled the two recognized genera and supported tribal monophyly and a sister group relationship with Oediopalpini. The inclusion of this taxon would have conflicted with their evolutionary hypothesis. The present study recovered a reasonably supported (Bremer support 9) spilophorine branch (clade 52), Calyptocephala + Spilophora, within the transitional zone between Cassidinae s. Under slow optimization, this character list included the presence of antennal ventromarginal grooves (char. Under fast optimization, characters 22, 72, 77, 82, 99, 101, 116, 136, 157 and 200 provided additional support. This design is very similar to the shield constructed by the larva of Oediopalpa guerini (Chaboo, unpubl. These particular shields are different from other exuviae-only shields in their pattern of exuvial compression. In previous cladistic analyses, Borowiec (1995) synonymized Eugenysini, Omocerini and Stolaini under the group name Mesomphaliini and presumed this terminal monophyletic prior to analysis. Hsiao and Windsor (1999) failed to find monophyly of Stolaiini, with genera appearing among derived cassidines with the relationship-((((Stolaini + Eugenysini) + Stolaini) + (Cassidini + (Goniocheniini + Ischyrosonychini))) + Stolaini). All 16 stolaine genera are sampled here to test tribal monophyly and the tribe was not recovered as monophyletic.

Echocardiography is most useful in assessing ventricular function as well as underlying structural causes of the heart failure women's health wardenburg order 35mg alendronate fast delivery. Congenital lymphedema may occur in Turner syndrome women's health center allentown pa buy cheap alendronate, Noonan syndrome womens health 8 week workout purchase alendronate, and Milroy disease pregnancy 10 weeks ultrasound order generic alendronate from india. Acquired obstruction may be due to tumors, lymphoma, filariasis, postirradiation fibrosis, and postinflammatory or postsurgical scarring. Signs and symptoms include tachycardia, tachypnea, systemic venous congestion (hepatomegaly), and cardiomegaly. Other features may include feeding difficulties, excessive sweating, and failure to thrive in infants. Respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, rales, and cough may be present, owing to pulmonary congestion. Poor peripheral perfusion may result in cool extremities, prolonged capillary refill time, and weaker peripheral pulses as compared with central pulses. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by massive cardiomegaly and ventricular dilation. Other causes include genetic (many X-linked), neuromuscular diseases (Friedreich ataxia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy), Kawasaki disease, autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), hyperthyroidism, and metabolic (mitochondrial disorders) and nutritional disease (beriberi, deficiency of selenium, taurine, and carnitine). Other causes include disorders of coronary arteries (anomalous origin of left coronary), and cardiotoxic drugs (doxorubicin, chronic ipecac abuse). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be secondary to obstructive congenital heart disease, glycogen storage disease, or idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Other infectious causes include diphtheria, systemic bacterial infections (sepsis), and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Features include progressive jaundice, fetor hepaticus, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and abdominal pain. There may be a rapid decrease in liver size without clinical improvement, hemorrhagic diathesis, and ascites. Infants may present with irritability, lethargy, poor feeding, and sleep disturbances. The serum ammonia level is usually elevated, and there may be hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, or respiratory alkalosis. It is more protein deficiency and inadequate caloric intake (proteincalorie malnutrition). Early in the disease, symptoms include anorexia, lethargy, apathy, and irritability. Later there is decreased growth, decreased stamina, muscle loss, increased susceptibility to infections, and edema. Skin changes may be present, and the hair becomes coarse and discolored, resulting in streaky red or gray hair. Laboratory findings include decreased serum albumin, hypoglycemia, hypophosphatemia, and deficiency of potassium and magnesium. Signs of vitamin (especially vitamin A) and mineral (zinc) deficiencies may be present. Idiosyncratic damage may occur with halothane, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate. Measurement of levels in the stool is helpful in the diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is another cause; it may be associated with dietary protein hypersensitivity as well as other food allergies. It is important to use an appropriate-size cuff whose width measures 40% of the circumference of the arm, and the cuff bladder length should cover 80% to 100% of the arm circumference. Use of automated devices is acceptable in newborns and infants when auscultation may be difficult and in settings that require continuous monitoring, such as an intensive care unit. Guidelines in this chapter are based on the report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.

There is also an urgent need to pursue a developmental path which is based on low carbon menstruation headache purchase 70 mg alendronate mastercard, resource efficient and qualitatively different practices and which offers improvements in the quality of life and does not negate the right to development women's health center bakersfield order generic alendronate canada. The design and implementation of developmental policies that duly consider climate change will be more effective menstrual underwear buy alendronate 35 mg with visa, therefore breast cancer giveaways buy discount alendronate 35 mg online, than treating climate change policies in isolation. Pulling off this transition, however, requires an informed appreciation for where Asia stands now, and concrete recommendations for where it should go in the future. The aim of this chapter is to objectively assess potential opportunities (section 2) and barriers (section 3) for aligning climate change actions and sustainable development strategies, and then identify a few priorities (section 4) by which Asia can contribute to effective global action. The hypothesis is that development in Asia can be made more sustainable and climate-resilient if policymakers proactively integrate climate concerns into development strategies at all levels. The good news: cost-effective climate actions Though crafting effective climate policies will be challenging in Asia, the challenge may be manageable if attention is paid first to exploiting low cost mitigation and adaptation possibilities. The international community has long recognised the need for integrating climate concerns in national development planning. Steel production in China, for example, is four times less efficient than in Germany (Kraemer et al. Many countries in Asia have announced ambitious plans to construct energy facilities over the next 20 to 30 years. Because these facilities will not be retired prematurely, equipping them with low carbon technologies could dramatically reduce future emissions and mitigation costs. These measures will be important because many countries in Asia have yet to construct the majority of their building, transportation, and energy infrastructure. An encouraging sign is that many countries in Asia have taken steps in this direction. Both the experience and standards might prove instructive to other Asian countries. In India, a Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (renamed in 2006 as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) was created in 1992. The Ministry has launched research and development (R&D) programmes and helped engineer a shift from subsidy-driven dissemination initiatives to the commercialization of low carbon technologies. China, India, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have adopted ethanol blending mandates for transportation either at the provincial or national level and considerable scope exists to expand this option. Likewise, the opportunities for using biomass for district heating and combined heat and power are enormous in many parts of Asia. In Japan, for example, the Ministry of the Environment launched "cool biz" and "warm biz" campaigns that led to considerable emission reductions. Successful examples of cooperation, such as the transboundary power trade agreement between countries of the Greater Mekong Sub-region, have the potential to be replicated in other regions. Such transboundary agreements can accelerate collective efforts to build large hydropower stations, establish regional grids and enter into long term purchase contracts. Opportunities outside the energy sector Outside the energy sector, non-climate policies (agriculture, forestry, water, waste, trade, poverty alleviation, population control) offer significant opportunities for costeffective mitigation in Asia. It also suggests opportunities for embedding climate change policies in sustainable development plans. Asian policymakers should pay attention to the non-climate policy track mainly because of the low costs of mitigation through such approaches. The costs can be even lower when co-benefits such as increased energy security, reduced energy costs, and reduced impacts of air pollution on health are included (Vennemo et al. Co-benefits can also be realised from reducing methane emissions from natural gas and oil infrastructure in China, India and Thailand (Fernandez et al. Co-benefits in the transportation sector, Hyderabad, India Many Asian cities have experienced rapid economic growth but public infrastructure has not grown accordingly. The combination of rapid urbanization and motorization has degraded the urban environment. Transportation policies often overlap with climate mitigation policies, which mean that transportation holds great potential for realizing co-benefits. These cobenefits were valued at $50 million (the lowest estimate), taking into account only health benefits in the metropolitan area. If the same policies were adopted in other cities or non-health co-benefits were included, such as increased energy security and enhanced technological development, the benefits would be much higher. Exploiting these synergies would reverse unsustainable land use practices, conserve biodiversity, protect ecosystem services, improve local community livelihoods, and deliver climate benefits.

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Growing demand from India and China for palm oil from Indonesia has led to export growth (Lele et al 2011b) (Figure 25) womens health johnson city tn quality 70 mg alendronate. So far there is no evidence that oil palm is leading to the increased production of biofuels; however women's health magazine weight loss tips order alendronate 35mg online, it does offer Indonesia the flexibility to use oil palm production for biofuels than as edible oil exports menstruation lasting longer than 7 days purchase alendronate with paypal. How these patterns of agricultural productivity growth have affected deforestation in Brazil and Indonesia and reforestation in China follows menstruation normal buy alendronate in india. Effects of Urbanization on Agriculture Urbanization is associated with changes in consumption patterns (DeFries et al 2010). Rural populations moving to the cities tend to have higher incomes and consume more processed foods and animal products than rural dwellers. This trend encourages commercial, large-scale agricultural production in rural areas, and there is evidence of increased farm operations including in the piggeries in China and expansion into 61 forests, in this case seemingly in Brazil. Traditional clearing of forests for small-scale subsistence farming and local market production is thus no longer the only prime reason for deforestation in many regions, particularly in countries that are growing rapidly and have reached middle income urbanized state such as China or Brazil. In Africa, the rates of urbanization are lower; urbanization is not causing such a large shift in consumption patterns. However, with urban migration, if less labor is available in villages for clearing forests in an already labor constrained agriculture that still uses very low level of technology; increased food imports may follow (Fuglie et al 2011). In addition, in oil or mining countries, urbanization is often associated with Dutch Disease syndrome (and food imports), which tends to reduce pressure on forests, but also create less domestic linkages between agricultural and non-agricultural growth. The governments of course can give large tracts of forest land to oil palm developers but then the employment implications of large scale farming on domestic economies remain a relatively less researched area in Africa, unlike in Latin America where new literature on farm size and efficiency suggests that with modern computer based technologies many management costs of employing large scale labor can be reduced with relatively little labor or management. To summarize, with liberalized global food markets, production will take place where it is most economic and this will likely mean where forests exist and there is scope for land conversion, unless the cost of such conversion is increases through policy design. These options are evident in the case of Brazil with its technologically advanced agriculture. In view of the growing importance of large scale farming some have argued that efforts need to focus on reducing deforestation for industrial-scale, export-oriented agricultural production, concomitant with efforts to increase yields in non-forested lands to satisfy demands for agricultural products (DeFries et al 2010). Rudel et al (2009b) propose to focus on promoting environmental stewardship in areas conducive to industrial agriculture. While noting the greater capacity of large farms to destroy forests, they argue that the shift from poverty-driven to industry-driven deforestation may offer new opportunities for rainforest conservation in that it is easier for pressure groups to target corporations and enterprises rather than millions of poor farmers engaged in subsistence activities. This is provided public opinion keeps up the pressure on large corporations, effects of displacement of land-use are limited, and evidence of declining footprints are not accompanied by corrupt corporate practices that have now begun to be extensively documented. For example, in the case of Wal-Mart, its environmental footprint is reportedly declining but its cash flow is increasing rapidly, so its total 63 footprint is expanding. The success of the 2006 soybean moratorium in Brazil (Rudorff et al 2011) and its duplication for the beef cattle industry in 2009 lend support to the proposal. In both cases, after Greenpeace issued a report, officials called for a crackdown and cut of financial incentives. The industry responded with a moratorium on buying products from previously forested areas and a promise to implement improved supply-chain tracking mechanisms (Butler and Laurence 2008; and Boucher et al 2011). Such private or public regulation has a limited impact if noncertified production can be sold without much difficulty. Moreover, the relative success of the moratorium in Brazil has been possible because of its national capacities (nearreal time monitoring of deforestation) and a favorable governance context more conducive to compliance, even when, (or because? Similar cases are not noticeable in Indonesia, for instance, illustrating how strong governments of developing countries have to be to withstand multinational pressures. Legal compliance could be facilitated through land-use zoning plans and compensation for the opportunity costs incurred in maintaining private forests beyond what the law requires (Nepstad et al 2009). However, promises of intensification should be examined carefully against the environmental capacity to support it. This may explain the lack of correlation between soil quality and forest clearing, the land tenure issues, land speculation and money-laundering (Fearnside 2005). Setting Aside Degraded Marginal Lands for Reforestation A number of developing countries have expanded national forest areas over the recent decades (Lambin and Meyfroidt 2011) because of a combination of increase in agricultural productivity, in the more productive areas of the country, greater reliance on international trade in agriculture and setting aside the marginal areas for reforestation, most notably China, which explains the large areas brought under forests by a single country. India and Vietnam have undertaken similar efforts in forest regeneration, using mixtures of agricultural intensification, land use zoning, forest protection, increased reliance on imported food and wood products, the creation of offfarm jobs, foreign capital investments, and remittances (Lambin and Meyfroidt 2011; and Xu et al 2010).

Outgroup Structure: Position of Cassidinae within Ingroup Structure: Monophyly of Cassidinae pregnancy 21 weeks order 35 mg alendronate otc. Information Sources for Morphology and Biology of Immature in 170 Genera of Cassidinae womens health vitamin d diet generic 35mg alendronate free shipping. Institutional Abbreviations: List of Institutions and Responsible Individuals who Provided Specimens for this Study pregnancy x ray lead apron buy generic alendronate 35 mg online. Clade Support Under Accelerated (Fast) and Delayed (Slow) Character Transformations women's health northeast purchase alendronate once a day. An integrated account of their biology was synthesized from the primary literature. A detailed morphological study of adults, using Hemisphaerota palmarum Boheman as a model, formed the basis for evaluating characters previously utilized and for defining novel characters. The data matrix comprised 210 characters (from adults and immature stages, ecology and behavior), 6 outgroups, and 98 ingroup exemplar species (representing 94 genera and 39 of the 43 recognized cassidine tribes). Results support the monophyly of Cassidinae and place it as sister to Galerucinae. Four tribes-Aproidini, Delocraniini, Hemisphaerotini, and Notosacanthini-are well supported by many autapomorphies. Seven were recovered as monophyletic: Anisoderini, Cassidini, Dorynotini, Eugenysini, Hispini, Omocerini, and Spilophorini. Relationships and character support of all cassidine tribes are discussed and compared with phylogenies proposed by Borowiec (1995) and Hsiao and Windsor (1999). The biological account and these phylogenetic results provide an opportunity for identifying some general trends and major innovations in the evolutionary history of Cassidinae. The alteration of the adult head from prognathy to hypognathy and the compaction of the body, legs, and various elytral-locking mechanisms are recurrent themes in adult morphology. They arise from two large radiations of leaf-mining and exophagous-feeding, a minor radiation in cryptic rolled-leaf feeding, and small generic and sub-generic specializations in stem mining, leaf scraping, petalophagy, and leaf-shelter chewers. Fecal shield construction and retention appear to be correlated with innovations in life history and in larval and pupal morphology, and they may have played an important role in cassidine diversification. This remarkable diversity, coupled with a worldwide distribution and phytophagous diet, gives chrysomelids considerable ecological and economic significance. Despite their important role in global ecosystems, knowledge of intrafamilial relationships is surprisingly imprecise at all hierachic levels (Reid, 1995). The present research is focused on a distinct clade in Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae Gyllenhal. This clade was until recently regarded as two subfamilies, Cassidinae Gyllenhal sensu stricto (tortoise beetles) and Hispinae Gyllenhal sensu stricto (leaf-mining beetles). This separation and confusion of group names in Cassidinae stem from two factors: 1) failure to synthesize biological information, and 2) diverse opinions of phylogenetic concepts, ranks and nomencla4 ture (both formal and informal) (table 1). Biological knowledge and group concepts are intertwined, but in Cassidinae biological information must first be integrated before we can achieve taxonomic clarification. Borowiec and Swietojanska (2005) reviewed this name priority again, having concluded that Chen (1940) was the first revisor and that he fixed the group name as Cassidinae. My review of this issue also traced the first revision of Chrysomelidae to Chen (1940). However, this umbrella term corresponds to at least six ecological guilds: leaf-shelter scrapers, leaf-tube scrapers, flower scrapers, stem miners, leaf miners and open-leaf feeders. Cassidinae arose during the late Jurassic (Mann and Crowson, 1981a; Santiago-Blay, 1994) and have evolved into about 6,000 species classified into 43 tribes (fig. Three unambiguous synapomorphies distinguish Cassidinae: (1) the mouth is positioned ventrally on the head (in other chrysomelids the mouth is anterior or anteroventral) (Chapuis, 1874, 1875; Crowson, 1953), and hence another one of their classical names is ``Cryptostomes' (Chapuis, 1874, 1875; Jacoby, 1908; Gressitt, 1950; Crowson, 1953); (2) the antennal insertions are proximal and are positioned anteroventrally on the head (in most other chrysomelids they are widely spaced and positioned anterolaterally; in Galerucinae Latreille s. Gressitt (1950) pointed out that caudal furcae and shield retention are present in ``cassidid' larvae but not in ``hispid' larvae. Cassidinae comprises approximately 16% of chrysomelid species diversity and forms the second largest sub-clade in Chrysomelidae after Galerucinae s.