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Asthma Other respiratory diseases 73 medicine joji trusted meldonium 500 mg,069 6 medicine research meldonium 500mg online,281 284 343 487 291 762 117 225 118 574 627 41 152 416 133 622 245 844 188 1 symptoms and diagnosis discount meldonium 500mg otc,448 2 medicine on time buy meldonium 500 mg without a prescription,706 15,151 3,275 1,204 1,146 1,373 685 450 100 77 929 224 619 519 234 329 1,505 2,481 8,939 937 5,169 920 1,912 2 15,069 479 937 4,579 5,125 945 3,004 6,150 1,631 1,925 2,595 7,276 53 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 17 7 24 16 4 1,074 1,768 - - - 107 - 29 0 - - - - - - 18 753 861 15 3 11 1 - 0 160 20 1 2 14 79 43 764 14 286 464 1,930 87 2 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 51 12 15 13 8 34 802 306 48 28 145 10 9 0 4 11 4 59 11 1 42 0 122 71 10 57 4 - 0 108 37 2 13 22 18 16 351 6 285 59 5,350 174 8 2 8 9 29 0 1 3 - - - - 1 1 61 32 19 16 39 61 2,970 426 524 492 228 274 6 - 13 472 35 145 155 58 21 0 120 495 49 254 20 171 0 382 54 9 42 100 71 107 407 30 263 114 5,335 377 24 21 32 29 107 5 13 6 0 - - - 2 5 69 16 48 12 100 64 1,122 334 41 34 155 197 5 5 9 165 14 32 2 41 10 0 77 1,270 124 623 116 407 0 916 24 42 188 272 105 284 393 113 81 199 7,218 972 73 90 102 48 204 23 72 19 0 - - - 53 25 85 28 149 19 181 117 558 169 1 2 89 97 16 15 1 49 8 14 5 23 0 0 68 1,233 140 746 161 187 0 1,856 18 103 772 590 100 273 633 296 80 256 4,673 780 54 62 63 35 112 15 52 15 0 - - - 146 26 58 16 124 12 122 42 199 46 0 0 36 15 36 15 0 2 0 3 1 10 0 0 34 569 55 327 60 126 0 1,630 4 88 733 541 59 204 535 308 47 180 3,166 524 27 31 41 27 47 7 19 7 0 - - - 170 23 36 14 73 6 75 26 129 8 - 0 12 6 65 15 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 - 19 268 28 167 28 46 0 1,286 5 68 537 422 43 212 374 234 25 115 880 125 5 6 10 8 7 2 3 2 0 - - - 44 7 9 3 19 1 18 8 45 1 - 0 4 1 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 4 58 7 39 7 5 0 401 2 24 112 118 15 129 102 62 6 33 35,829 3,092 193 212 258 158 512 52 162 53 1 - - - 416 88 386 128 472 95 547 1,425 7,593 1,291 615 556 777 600 197 54 29 699 61 254 174 136 92 753 1,306 3,980 416 2,224 397 942 1 6,738 165 338 2,399 2,077 490 1,268 3,559 1,065 1,074 1,420 218 Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Colin D. Total 7,226 345 1,212 44 5,626 2,623 1,633 292 697 956 2,171 252 1,278 94 214 333 3,441 36 47 14 12 28 2 2 419 1,651 293 938 720 496 23 181 21 28,848 18,876 6,374 954 976 1,739 1,720 7,112 9,972 882 4,996 4,090 3 04 1,139 2 3 0 1,134 230 96 - 134 135 36 2 - - 14 20 1,746 20 23 9 6 11 1 2 244 821 142 465 137 130 - - 6 2,388 2,241 424 143 109 441 204 919 148 - 116 31 1 514 163 2 4 10 147 70 59 - 11 51 67 7 1 0 28 31 46 - 0 0 - - 0 - 1 18 3 23 60 60 - - 1 3,937 3,518 1,412 120 224 453 322 988 419 57 318 44 0 1529 419 42 64 4 309 100 79 - 21 71 160 15 57 8 25 55 21 - - - - - - - 2 7 1 11 35 30 4 - 0 7,371 3,262 964 126 113 69 293 1,698 4,109 272 2,161 1,675 1 3044 592 51 173 5 363 124 96 - 28 93 253 31 143 41 20 18 5 - - - - - - - 0 2 - 3 14 8 5 - 0 4,647 2,036 807 145 65 37 305 677 2,611 174 1,019 1,418 0 4559 812 57 278 3 474 452 129 263 59 63 275 23 194 23 18 18 2 - - - - - - - 0 1 - 1 45 13 1 31 0 1,809 1,023 425 51 60 38 153 296 787 115 314 357 0 6069 413 26 139 2 246 174 131 13 30 34 116 11 84 7 4 8 0 - - - - - - 0 - 0 - 0 48 5 0 43 0 479 290 113 15 27 12 15 108 189 29 59 101 0 7079 244 14 78 1 151 142 101 11 30 26 59 4 40 3 2 9 0 - - - - - - - - 0 - 0 7 2 0 5 0 157 104 37 0 17 5 0 44 54 13 18 22 0 80+ 54 5 12 0 38 50 35 5 9 9 9 1 5 1 0 3 0 - - - - - - - - 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 0 29 18 5 0 4 1 0 7 12 2 2 7 0 Total 3,836 199 750 25 2,863 1,341 727 292 322 482 975 94 523 83 113 162 1,819 20 23 9 6 11 1 2 248 849 146 504 347 248 11 80 8 20,819 12,491 4,186 599 619 1,057 1,294 4,736 8,328 663 4,007 3,655 2 220 Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Colin D. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001 221 Table 3C. Hookworm disease 2 Other intestinal infections 1 Other infectious diseases 1,070 B. Iron-deficiency anemia 758 Other nutritional disorders 21 28 3,641 1,170 288 1 7 5 1 0 0 2 121 70 68 0 0 1 0 27 0 0 1 4 - 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 53 52 33 3 17 - - - - - - - 773 252 291 229 57 35 1 0 20 1 60 1,706 126 68 1 0 0 0 0 - 1 13 2 1 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 22 - 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 1 1 0 18 46 10 2 34 - - - - - - - 1 0 1 0 12 0 0 0 11 0 96 8,093 365 228 8 9 0 4 5 - 84 20 1 - 0 - 0 0 7 2 1 0 75 - 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 0 21 24 21 3 0 - - - - - - - 1 - 0 1 112 1 0 - 111 0 107 10,396 601 506 23 9 0 4 5 0 288 22 1 - 0 0 0 0 7 12 19 1 65 - 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 - 0 0 56 61 57 4 0 - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 33 2 0 - 31 1 88 16,700 561 375 36 1 0 0 0 0 119 19 1 - 1 - 0 0 9 23 53 2 11 - 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 - 0 0 101 141 137 4 0 - - - - - - - 0 - 0 0 44 6 0 - 37 2 40 14,284 411 182 28 0 0 0 0 0 14 11 1 0 1 - - 0 5 10 22 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 0 87 188 184 4 0 - - - - - - - 0 0 - - 41 5 0 0 35 1 27 14,522 573 176 33 0 0 - 0 0 3 9 1 - 1 0 0 0 4 6 15 0 1 - 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 104 356 351 5 0 - - - - - - - - - - - 41 6 0 - 33 1 10 7,444 503 86 15 0 0 - 0 0 0 6 0 - 0 0 - 0 1 2 3 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 58 396 391 4 0 - - - - - - - - - - - 21 7 0 0 13 2 457 76,786 4,310 1,909 146 26 7 9 10 0 510 222 76 69 4 0 3 1 65 55 113 6 180 0 0 1 1 178 0 0 0 3 5 5 2 1 1 0 497 1,264 1,183 30 51 - - - - - - - 775 252 292 230 362 61 1 0 291 9 222 Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Colin D. Asthma 1,660 Other respiratory diseases 2,859 2,238 30 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 - - - 0 0 1 11 16 6 1 355 520 0 0 0 13 0 22 0 0 0 0 - - - 8 87 390 0 0 0 0 - 0 43 1 0 1 6 9 26 312 1 121 190 1,189 55 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 4 20 29 5 3 46 689 268 20 120 31 25 11 0 6 10 2 2 8 4 101 1 78 1 0 0 1 - 0 22 0 0 3 4 5 9 236 4 198 34 5,421 189 4 1 6 9 6 1 4 7 0 - - - 0 2 27 47 74 11 43 73 4,235 873 436 401 55 1,289 15 0 29 490 39 91 149 57 162 2 146 38 1 4 9 24 0 189 2 4 37 27 34 85 370 48 272 50 7,675 764 38 25 59 79 49 30 125 36 2 - - - 4 12 68 57 182 23 300 127 3,162 963 69 43 66 1,269 15 8 40 336 36 56 3 77 14 2 165 577 9 30 59 479 0 1,089 5 39 425 279 91 251 492 249 101 143 14,623 3,587 193 195 258 422 265 191 945 80 5 - - - 104 94 184 105 546 55 676 190 1,975 662 3 11 47 592 92 91 34 104 17 10 14 77 0 2 218 1,100 41 67 212 779 0 3,491 15 119 1,797 937 160 463 1,141 785 79 277 13,311 4,150 120 184 313 519 291 207 1,193 55 4 - - - 309 137 192 113 512 65 465 114 1,202 259 1 4 21 107 455 159 10 4 1 3 2 46 0 1 128 1,024 33 61 191 739 0 3,771 18 108 1,879 1,105 135 526 950 614 38 298 13,573 3,840 65 124 282 484 204 172 1,066 46 4 - - - 500 172 189 118 414 78 384 117 1,445 75 0 2 14 38 957 196 5 0 1 2 2 26 0 1 126 718 17 30 103 567 0 4,524 17 135 2,132 1,360 122 758 1,151 750 38 363 6,756 1,334 17 32 99 179 46 53 271 19 2 - - - 295 80 66 47 128 43 159 69 1,020 24 0 1 5 7 817 91 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 67 130 6 9 34 81 0 2,787 8 119 1,126 792 53 689 609 367 18 224 64,784 13,949 437 561 1,017 1,692 863 654 3,606 244 17 - - - 1,212 497 730 518 1,901 286 2,032 1,090 14,248 3,126 531 582 252 3,328 2,384 546 124 944 96 164 178 292 285 96 1,319 3,589 107 201 611 2,669 1 15,916 65 526 7,400 4,510 610 2,806 5,261 2,818 865 1,579 224 Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Colin D. War Other intentional injuries Total 6,536 295 2,146 35 4,060 2,074 929 342 803 288 6,437 1,051 3,786 480 246 875 1,420 6 18 2 6 7 3 15 196 758 63 347 957 462 28 454 12 11,244 7,876 3,045 494 1,459 215 304 2,360 3,368 2,581 765 10 12 04 270 0 3 1 267 23 6 - 17 2 7 1 0 - 4 2 623 3 8 1 3 3 1 10 88 335 26 144 45 44 - - 2 234 215 38 3 41 15 23 94 19 0 19 0 0 514 21 1 2 2 16 2 2 - 1 2 18 5 0 0 9 4 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1 8 70 70 - - 0 391 334 90 3 57 13 20 151 57 38 19 0 0 1529 98 7 13 4 75 19 10 0 9 5 76 10 20 12 18 16 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 18 1 10 44 39 3 1 0 2,308 1,579 921 88 176 21 58 315 729 441 278 4 5 3044 521 18 297 5 202 53 31 0 22 11 478 45 188 181 39 25 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 16 1 8 49 23 8 18 1 2,120 1,302 571 162 163 31 45 330 818 635 175 4 5 4559 1,182 43 657 4 478 292 78 159 55 18 776 103 444 145 36 49 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 10 0 6 115 23 2 89 1 1,517 928 336 75 159 33 40 285 588 523 63 1 2 6069 682 33 328 2 319 237 95 90 51 17 531 66 370 42 14 39 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 3 94 17 1 76 0 562 385 113 10 91 10 18 142 176 165 11 0 0 7079 532 37 144 2 350 276 139 64 73 28 447 51 320 20 9 47 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 26 11 0 14 0 376 289 67 5 96 8 13 100 87 83 4 0 0 80+ 259 22 27 1 209 198 105 29 64 27 113 14 54 8 3 33 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 4 0 1 0 185 158 20 2 72 3 5 55 27 26 1 0 0 Total 3,566 160 1,471 20 1,916 1,101 467 342 292 110 2,447 295 1,397 408 132 215 740 3 8 1 3 3 1 10 104 394 29 183 448 230 14 198 5 7,692 5,189 2,157 347 856 136 222 1,471 2,503 1,911 571 9 12 226 Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Colin D. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001 227 Table 3C. Hookworm disease 636 Other intestinal infections 63 Other infectious diseases 39,165 B. Birth asphyxia and birth trauma 31,958 Other perinatal conditions 15,455 317 221,294 170,202 79,163 731 1,509 1,009 36 449 15 5,324 27,878 17,046 5,691 15 76 8,433 2,831 1,335 93 31 17,345 362 67 0 88 89 111 7 7 61 91 2 229 112 45 56 16 7,118 32,372 31,687 428 258 - - - - - - - 49,368 23,236 17,938 8,195 623 44,197 16,479 12,459 616 19 2 5 12 0 1,571 705 3,307 50 8 6 2,717 526 477 108 44 498 1,939 322 0 279 383 935 20 19 143 69 2 914 463 206 238 6 2,028 2,521 1,940 69 511 - - - - - - - 1 0 1 0 808 105,973 22,918 20,598 4,401 712 106 158 445 3 8,918 548 685 - 25 1 302 356 360 226 83 455 2,250 189 126 208 306 1,385 37 16 12 47 23 12 1 1 10 1 1,850 1,104 1,026 67 11 - - - - - - - 1 - 0 1 653 116,457 32,862 30,632 6,990 546 268 36 220 22 16,879 587 279 - 17 1 0 260 252 410 182 385 1,365 149 62 144 171 769 71 23 9 65 155 8 0 1 6 1 2,498 1,417 1,330 75 12 - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 415 130,728 19,064 16,275 5,969 506 429 1 7 69 4,616 482 127 - 5 1 0 121 214 453 235 278 706 104 67 113 66 272 84 29 6 11 213 10 0 1 8 2 2,419 2,019 1,936 80 3 - - - - - - - 0 - 0 0 164 88,774 8,386 5,573 2,799 146 140 0 1 4 438 280 36 0 1 0 0 34 78 121 70 125 162 9 32 58 19 19 25 11 3 3 150 6 0 1 5 1 1,145 2,487 2,411 74 2 - - - - - - - 0 0 - - 88 63,545 5,140 2,727 1,195 55 53 - 0 2 43 213 13 - 1 0 0 12 58 45 32 71 63 3 12 25 6 6 10 8 2 2 88 3 0 0 2 0 839 2,185 2,137 48 1 - - - - - - - 0 - - 0 25 21,509 1,890 709 204 16 15 - 0 1 1 121 6 - 0 0 - 6 15 11 7 20 13 0 4 5 0 1 3 1 1 1 21 1 0 0 1 0 270 1,094 1,072 21 0 - - - - - - - - - - - 3,093 792,478 276,941 168,136 22,906 3,509 2,021 236 1,135 117 37,790 30,814 21,498 5,741 72 86 11,452 4,146 2,788 1,467 684 19,178 6,860 844 303 920 1,039 3,497 257 115 238 288 654 1,183 577 254 325 28 18,166 45,200 43,540 862 798 - - - - - - - 49,370 23,236 17,939 8,196 228 Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Colin D. Inflammatory heart diseases Other cardiovascular diseases Total 30,463 15,578 2,876 711 10,245 1,053 807,839 100,641 4,654 5,955 11,244 8,236 9,169 2,853 16,099 909 8,036 4,119 1,494 2,139 2,691 2,174 5,131 4,883 10,854 2,096 19,997 13,385 168,305 51,835 9,734 11,642 6,223 15,178 17,108 2,325 1,209 5,647 2,382 3,535 4,547 2,909 5,980 8,786 19,263 79,951 4,380 28,643 16,889 29,994 45 208,787 6,350 11,178 84,273 72,024 6,793 28,170 04 9,299 6,926 1,074 233 899 166 42,899 590 5 1 3 1 21 0 3 1 0 - - - 1 2 67 235 251 74 43 4,018 10,811 0 0 0 514 2 203 5 1 1 0 - - - 52 4,406 5,627 30 7 17 3 - 3 1,460 231 27 104 221 269 608 514 1,498 433 352 70 609 34 13,697 812 12 2 8 4 16 2 7 2 0 - - - 1 2 200 368 190 71 73 262 6,627 2,720 267 901 668 126 87 3 49 79 25 160 78 32 613 17 802 167 30 101 35 - 2 892 171 21 219 150 85 246 1529 1,215 124 0 3 1,064 23 45,319 2,086 119 30 127 118 221 7 68 22 0 - - - 4 10 340 683 336 137 489 378 28,133 6,565 4,090 4,132 916 5,319 100 10 194 2,255 308 789 1,358 335 832 24 908 1,659 129 610 314 605 3 3,711 554 114 1,070 590 423 959 3044 812 68 1 6 704 34 56,267 5,229 420 326 656 437 942 129 689 74 3 - - - 16 58 436 346 696 140 1,528 423 16,184 5,955 523 611 657 4,696 84 74 165 1,506 212 403 19 375 94 9 802 8,646 356 2,480 1,322 4,486 2 10,077 458 473 4,207 2,334 706 1,899 4559 770 125 2 10 567 67 96,868 16,460 1,243 1,303 2,353 1,195 2,602 530 3,545 163 11 - - - 276 331 616 415 1,876 240 2,990 601 9,011 3,739 17 168 341 2,214 346 241 74 559 106 114 71 265 6 6 745 13,118 690 4,636 2,678 5,110 4 28,477 618 1,413 14,072 8,861 917 2,597 6069 326 106 1 5 174 40 75,790 15,681 986 1,330 2,114 1,277 1,619 474 4,005 116 9 - - - 812 480 513 327 1,618 182 2,087 306 3,933 1,165 5 36 127 396 1,243 299 21 31 3 23 9 142 0 2 431 8,066 414 2,734 1,790 3,125 3 29,423 361 1,516 13,452 10,972 684 2,436 7079 227 80 0 2 93 52 56,282 10,393 412 695 1,355 972 837 322 2,547 84 7 - - - 1,101 454 360 250 996 155 1,395 255 3,768 255 0 16 62 100 2,470 351 9 4 2 10 6 58 0 1 422 3,831 207 1,289 877 1,454 4 24,660 221 1,276 10,641 9,360 542 2,620 80+ 87 41 0 0 28 18 18,997 2,630 86 119 313 293 131 82 479 30 2 - - - 480 157 107 77 273 61 428 124 1,969 57 0 4 17 15 1,558 140 2 1 1 1 1 12 0 0 160 734 51 290 210 182 2 8,866 58 524 3,396 2,995 206 1,687 Totala 14,234 7,903 1,431 329 4,138 433 406,118 53,882 3,284 3,806 6,930 4,297 6,388 1,547 11,344 493 33 - - - 2,691 1,494 2,639 2,702 6,235 1,060 9,033 6,368 80,437 20,457 4,903 5,869 3,301 12,868 6,092 1,124 515 4,436 658 1,500 1,540 1,218 1,596 4,466 9,895 36,251 1,883 12,157 7,228 14,962 22 107,566 2,672 5,365 47,161 35,482 3,832 13,054 230 Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Colin D. War Other intentional injuries Total 67,887 38,736 13,174 15,977 58,937 5,096 15,778 412 37,651 18,455 10,005 2,955 5,495 3,985 32,130 4,695 17,452 3,265 1,938 4,780 24,952 116 563 33 122 138 49 68 3,612 13,949 1,551 4,751 8,331 5,214 235 2,747 135 167,094 121,111 35,063 7,608 15,041 10,295 9,695 43,410 45,983 20,255 18,897 6,502 329 04 3,566 49 1,134 2,383 7,636 91 259 7 7,279 999 333 - 665 501 209 12 0 0 72 124 11,975 63 266 21 64 70 24 39 1,824 6,533 732 2,340 988 962 - - 25 8,193 7,822 1,224 289 1,024 938 1,034 3,313 370 3 259 91 17 514 1,935 19 1,546 370 879 67 154 30 628 347 285 - 63 227 450 80 3 0 176 190 319 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 172 10 106 633 628 - - 5 14,022 12,781 3,358 322 1,727 878 1,700 4,795 1,240 376 779 71 15 1529 2,738 168 2,056 514 2,686 401 634 40 1,611 744 593 0 150 306 1,369 181 387 135 202 464 371 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 60 219 5 85 511 380 29 96 7 37,737 22,914 8,492 1,051 2,336 905 1,893 8,238 14,822 4,379 7,703 2,632 109 3044 3,410 1,556 930 924 5,094 685 2,131 42 2,236 1,053 808 12 233 298 3,786 291 1,536 1,488 251 220 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 58 1 29 305 167 55 77 6 27,329 16,768 6,496 1,429 1,547 769 1,103 5,426 10,560 3,689 4,535 2,258 79 4559 8,403 6,144 793 1,465 8,203 1,009 3,828 58 3,307 3,908 1,182 2,277 449 274 4,338 411 2,414 999 220 294 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 1 23 786 274 21 486 5 14,796 10,264 3,539 1,348 1,161 409 622 3,184 4,533 2,372 1,569 563 28 6069 7,418 5,776 323 1,319 4,118 487 1,776 26 1,829 1,626 933 346 347 147 2,120 215 1,430 188 70 217 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 9 662 139 8 514 2 4,598 3,317 973 378 560 123 169 1,114 1,281 811 302 157 11 7079 6,618 5,216 194 1,208 2,531 306 818 21 1,386 1,259 717 236 306 123 1,136 121 723 59 32 200 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 6 147 71 4 71 1 2,124 1,600 429 95 456 63 75 481 523 377 106 35 5 80+ 2,497 1,866 54 578 830 96 148 7 579 518 285 84 148 63 249 28 106 14 8 92 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 23 19 1 2 1 623 496 88 17 202 17 22 150 127 84 29 12 2 Totala 36,585 20,795 7,030 8,761 31,977 3,142 9,749 232 18,854 10,453 5,136 2,955 2,362 1,939 13,657 1,341 6,600 2,884 1,030 1,802 12,855 63 267 21 64 70 24 41 1,932 7,023 750 2,599 4,054 2,640 118 1,245 52 109,420 75,962 24,598 4,930 9,013 4,103 6,618 26,700 33,457 12,092 15,282 5,818 265 232 Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Colin D. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of David Evans, director of the Global Program on Evidence for Health Policy. While it is not possible to name all those who contributed to this effort, we would like to note the considerable assistance and inputs provided by Carla AbouZahr, Elisabeth Aahman, Jan Barendregt, Maureen Birmingham, Jennifer Bryce, Mercedes de Onis, Chris Dye, Jacques Ferlay, Anthony Gerbase, Ken Hill, Yvan Hutin, Gareth Jones, Hilary King, Eline Korenromp, Daniel Lavanchy, Silvio Mariotti, Mike McKenna, Catherine Michaud, Chris Nelson, Tomoko Ono, Donatella Pascolini, Margie Peden, Bruce Pfleger, Paola Pisani, Annette Pruss-Ustun, Juergen Rehm, Serge Resnikoff, Sue Robertson, Gojke Roglic, Kate Strong, Deborah Symmonds, Theo Vos, Neff Walker, Catherine Watt, and Lara Wolfson. Tunis, Tunisia:Ministry of Public Health, Salah Azaiz Institute, and National Institute of Public Health. Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Health and Baskent University, Refik Saydam Hygiene Presidency, School of Public Health. Summarizing Population Health: Directions for the Development and Application of Population Metrics. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001 235 Frick, K. Peace and Conflict 2003: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy. Application of Regional Cancer Survival Model to Estimate Cancer Mortality Distribution by Site. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001 237 Murray, C. Report prepared for the World Health Organization Parasitic Diseases and Vector Control. MauritiusHealthSectorReform,NationalBurdenof Disease Study, Final Report of Consultancy. Port Louis, Mauritius: Ministry of Health and Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, 9th rev, vol. Global Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overview and Estimates. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001 239. World Development Report 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World: Transforming Institutions, Growth, and Quality of Life. Murray Chapter 4 Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors Majid Ezzati, Stephen Vander Hoorn, Alan D. Murray Detailed descriptions of the level and distribution of diseases and injuries and their causes are important inputs into strategies for improving population health. A substantial body of work has focused on quantifying causes of mortality and, more recently, the burden of disease (Murray and Lopez 1997; Preston, 1976; see also chapter 3 in this volume). Data on disease or injury outcomes alone, such as death or hospitalization, tend to focus on the need for curative or palliative services.
Other partners in the public health system are intricately involved in this work by collabora ng with these agencies in the development of laws and also helping to educate the community symptoms anxiety discount generic meldonium canada. The par cipants were in general agreement that Chicago is moderately aware of popula ons who are falling though the gaps and need further assistance medications known to cause pancreatitis discount meldonium 250mg without a prescription. While par cipants reported that basic services to primary care are fairly good treatment norovirus purchase 500mg meldonium visa, they noted that some popula ons s ll lack access to primary care services medications jokes purchase meldonium 250mg on-line. Par cipants reported that the community health assessment helps to inform service providers about the needs of community members, but they also highlighted the need for a system that will allow providers to share informa on through a systema c data exchange portal to help providers refer their clients to available community services. Local and na onal organiza ons have formally recognized the work Chicago is doing to improve and strengthen its tobacco control law. Many public health system partners work to educate communi es about the impact of proposed laws. In the course of inves ga ng possible viola ons, inspectors o en come upon other viola ons outside of their program area and are empowered to refer the program to the appropriate Department for follow up. Most agencies neglect to follow up a er referral, with no assurance that linkages resulted in service provision. While some agencies work well together to provide health services, many agencies are s ll working in silos. Coordina on and collabora on to best meet the needs of community is an area for addi onal improvement. One specific area of improvement is the coordina on and dissemina on of informa on about services among providers so they can track availability of services across the city to appropriately refer and partner with other agencies. Improving the provision of culturally competent services to subpopula ons within the community was another area of improvement. The group iden fied several agencies and organiza ons that provide con nuing educa on, training and professional development opportuni es. On the other hand, public health department staff, who do not have this requirement, struggle to find relevant training courses. Nonetheless, par cipants emphasized that all public health system staff need be er comprehensive training in health equity and dispari es. Par cipants acknowledged the organiza ons that offer leadership development programs that include both academia and prac ce-based focus. However, it is not clear that all staff members are familiar with these opportuni es, or whether their agencies even allow par cipa on. The group felt leadership opportuni es needed to be both more diverse and to engage all sectors and levels of the public health workforce. Just as significant was the opinion that leadership development should also focus on community members and skill building. Essen al Service 8: Assure a Competent Public Health and Personal Healthcare Workforce Essen al Service 8 iden fies ac vi es that are undertaken within individual agencies and performed collabora vely as part of workforce development. Par cipants reported that individually, agencies do well in evalua ng their services, par cularly for personal health services. However, par cipants stated that the lack of data sharing is a major challenge to improving system quality. The group men oned organiza ons that may be doing assessments, but they focus on individual professional tles/licenses and do not assess the whole system. Work is completed in silos and lacks a universal standard of culturally competent workforce. Par cipants iden fied that several types of organiza ons within the public health system have set standards for their workforce. The group discussed cer fica on for several professional tles and shared that the rigorous process can be a significant obstacle to pursuing further qualifica ons. Par cipants discussed evalua on of popula on-based services, including the use of community feedback and gaps in service provision. Due to its less rigorous data and the lack of coordinated effort of evalua on of popula on-based services, par cipants scored the performance of popula on-based service lowest of the essen al service measures. They also acknowledged academic ins tu ons as good partners and resources for service evalua on. Some community partners are successful at using evalua on findings to improve popula on-based services.
In addition to these varied effects on Na+ excretion medicine used to induce labor purchase meldonium 250 mg without a prescription, thiazide diuretics impair urinary diluting capacity without affecting urinary concentrating mechanisms medications enlarged prostate order cheap meldonium on-line, reduce calcium (Ca++) and urate excretion symptoms type 2 diabetes order meldonium discount, and increase magnesium (Mg++) excretion symptoms meaning order generic meldonium online. This latter feature creates a depot for chlorthalidone streaming (red cell plasma tubular secretion). Diuretic classes of note include proximal tubular, distal tubular, and loop diuretics, potassium (K+)sparing agents, and osmotic diuretics. Its use is constrained by its transient action and because prolonged use results in a metabolic acidosis. Notably, acetazolamide at doses of 250 to 500 mg daily can correct the metabolic alkalosis that sometimes occurs with thiazide or loop diuretic therapy. Color patterns identify sites of action along the nephron and corresponding cell types affected. Spironolactone and eplerenone (not shown) are competitive mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and act primarily in the cortical collecting tubule. V2 receptors facilitate insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels in the apical membrane. Loop diuretics also have qualitatively minor effects on Na+ reabsorption within other nephron segments. Other clinically relevant effects of loop diuretics include a decrease in both free water (H2O) excretion and absorption during H2O loading and dehydration, respectively; a 30% increase in fractional Ca2+ excretion; a significant increase in Mg2+ excretion; and a brief increase followed by a more prolonged decrease in uric acid excretion. Available loop diuretics include bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, and torsemide. Uremic toxins and fatty acids decrease loop diuretic protein binding and therein alter diuretic pharmacokinetics. The relationship between the urinary loop diuretic excretion rate and natriuresis is that of an S-shaped sigmoidal curve. A normal dose-response relationship, as is typically seen in the untreated patient with hypertension, can be skewed (downward and rightward shifted) by a variety of clinical conditions, ranging from volume depletion to disease-state alterations (heart failure or nephrotic syndrome). Finally, the binding of loop diuretics to urinary protein seems not to be the basis for the blunted diuretic effect in the setting of nephrotic syndrome. The coefficient of variation for absorption ranges from 25% to 43% for different oral furosemide products, and the bioavailability is equally broad, ranging from 10% to 100%; thus exchanging one oral furosemide formulation for another will not standardize patient response. Several vasopressin antagonists are available, including conivaptan and tolvaptan. These compounds have each been used successfully to increase serum Na+ values in either euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremic patients. K+-sparing diuretics also reduce Ca2+ and Mg2+ excretion, which is a useful feature in heart failure patients. Since K+-sparing diuretics are only modestly natriuretic, their clinical utility resides more in their K+-sparing capacity, particularly when more proximally acting diuretics increase distal Na+ delivery, or in the instance of either primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism. Spironolactone is a highly protein-bound and wellabsorbed, lipid-soluble K+-sparing diuretic with a 20-hour half-life. The onset of action for spironolactone is characteristically slow, with peak response 48 hours or more after the initial dose. Spironolactone, unlike amiloride and triamterene, remains active as a diuretic and antihypertensive agent in advanced kidney failure because its site of action is basolateral; thus it does not require glomerular filtration to gain access to its site of action. Eplerenone is a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that is highly selective for the aldosterone receptor. Because of a much lower affinity for androgen and progesterone receptors, its use is associated with considerably less gynecomastia than spironolactone. Eplerenone is at best a very mild diuretic, and its antihypertensive effects originate from nondiuretic aspects of its action. Both drugs are actively secreted by cationic transporters that reside in the proximal tubule, and each has only a modest natriuretic effect. They are seldom used in heart failure other than for their K+ and Mg2+sparing properties. Mannitol is poorly reabsorbed along the length of the nephron and thereby exerts a dose-dependent osmotic effect. The plasma T1/2 of mannitol depends on the level of kidney function but is usually between 30 and 60 minutes, resulting in a transient diuresis. The latter is dose-dependent, relates to afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, and commonly corrects with the elimination of excess mannitol, as may be achieved with hemodialysis.
During any period when any bonds secured by the fund remain outstanding medicine to help you sleep discount 250 mg meldonium free shipping, amounts on deposit in the fund shall not be commingled with other state funds and the state shall have no claim to or against medications ending in zine buy generic meldonium 250mg on-line, or interest in medications and grapefruit cheap 500 mg meldonium amex, the fund medications dictionary cheap 250 mg meldonium fast delivery, except as hereinafter provided. Amounts in such fund shall be deposited in a separate account or accounts in a trust company or bank having the powers of a trust company within the state, which shall serve as the trustee of the fund. The Treasurer shall enter into an agreement with such trust company or bank in accordance with the provisions of this section, sections 89 and 90 of this act and sections 10-183b, 10-183z, 12-801, 12-806 and 12812 of the general statutes. In the event the state has not otherwise timely made available moneys to pay principal or interest due on such bonds, the Treasurer shall direct the trustee of the fund to transfer from the fund to the paying agent for such bonds the amount necessary to timely pay such principal or interest then due. Except for the payment of the principal of bonds secured by the fund as such bonds become due and the payment of interest on such bonds, no moneys shall be withdrawn from the fund in such amount as would reduce the amount on deposit in the fund to less than the required minimum capital reserve. The lien of such pledge shall be valid and binding as against all parties having claims of any kind in tort, contract or otherwise against the state, irrespective of whether the parties have notice of the claims. Notwithstanding any provision of the Uniform Commercial Code, no instrument by which such pledge is created need be recorded or filed. Any moneys so pledged and later received by the state shall be subject immediately to the lien of the pledge without any physical delivery thereof or further act and such lien shall have priority over all other liens. For the purpose of evaluation of such fund, obligations acquired as an investment shall be valued at market. For purposes of this section, "required minimum capital reserve" means the maximum amount of principal and interest becoming due on bonds of the state issued pursuant to section 10183qq of the general statutes, and any bonds refunding such bonds then outstanding, by reason of maturity or a required sinking fund installment in any succeeding fiscal year. Whenever the amount on deposit in the fund is in excess of the required minimum capital reserve, the Treasurer may direct the trustee for the fund to remit to the Treasurer for deposit into the General Fund Public Act No. Subsection (a) of section 12-806 of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective from passage): (a) the purposes of the corporation shall be to: (1) Operate and manage the lottery in an entrepreneurial and business-like manner free from the budgetary and other constraints that affect state agencies; (2) Public Act No. Subsection (c) of section 12-812 of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective from passage): (c) On a weekly basis, the president shall estimate, and certify to the State Treasurer, that portion of the balance in the lottery fund which exceeds the current needs of the corporation for the payment of prizes, the payment of current operating expenses and funding of approved reserves of the corporation. Subdivision (2) of section 10-183b of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective on the Public Act No. Subsection (h) of section 10-183g of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective July 1, 2019): (h) (1) A benefit computed under subsections (a) to (d), inclusive, of this section and under subsections (a) to (g), inclusive, of section 10183aa shall continue until the death of the member. The retirement board shall, on or before December first, annually, certify to the General Assembly the amount necessary, on the basis of an actuarial determination, to establish and maintain the retirement fund on such determined actuarial reserve basis and make such other recommendations with regard to the fund and its administration as the board deems necessary. On and after the effective date of this section, no public or special act of the General Assembly shall reduce such appropriation to an amount below such amount certified unless the Governor declares an emergency or the existence of extraordinary circumstances, in which the provisions of section 4-85 are invoked, and at least threefifths of the members of each chamber of the General Assembly vote to reduce such appropriation during the biennium for which the emergency or existence of extraordinary circumstances is declared. The amount appropriated by the General Assembly shall be deposited by the Treasurer into the retirement fund in quarterly allotments on July fifteenth, October first, January first and April first. In making such determination the board shall assume that the annual rate of interest earned by the funds of the system invested by the State Treasurer pursuant to section 10-183m equals the total assumed rate of return adopted by the board under the provisions of section 10-183nn. For the first eight years, the funding program for the actuarial reserve basis shall consist of the following percentages of the sum of normal cost and the amount required for a forty-year amortization of unfunded liabilities, provided, if in any such year the amount required to be paid by this section is less than the amount which would be required to fund the system on a terminal basis and to pay the annual cost of benefits payable under subsection (j) of section 10-183g or under other prior legislative adjustments to retirement benefits, the state shall pay the greater amount: Public Act No. Commencing with the fiscal year ending June 30, 2020, the unfunded liability as of June 30, 2018, shall be separately amortized over a closed period of thirty years and future actuarial gains and losses shall be amortized over separate closed periods of twenty-five years, beginning the year each separate base is established. Section 2-36b of the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective October 1, 2019): (a) No later than [November thirtieth] December fifteenth each year, the joint standing committees of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to appropriations and the budgets of state agencies and finance, revenue and bonding shall meet with the Secretary of the Office of Policy and Management, the director of the legislative Office of Fiscal Analysis, and such other persons as they deem appropriate, to consider the items submitted pursuant to subsection (b) of this section. For purposes of this section, "fixed cost drivers" may include costs related to debt service, pension contributions, retiree health care, entitlement programs and federal mandates. The report shall present information on the distribution of the tax burden as follows: (1) For individuals: (A) Income classes, including income distribution expressed for every ten percentage points; and (B) Other appropriate taxpayer characteristics, as determined by said commissioner. The alternative-fueled vehicles purchased by the state to comply with said requirements shall be capable of operating on natural gas or electricity or any other system acceptable to the United States Department of Energy that operates on fuel that is available in the state. The Departments of Transportation and Emergency Services and Public Protection shall Public Act No. On or before January 1, 2020, the Commissioner of Administrative Services shall report, in accordance with the provisions of section 11-4a, on the results of such study to the joint standing committees of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to government administration and transportation. The Commissioner of Administrative Services may proceed with such aggregate procurement if the commissioner determines such aggregate procurement would achieve a cost savings. The board shall consist of the Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Public Act No. The Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection may appoint to the board not more than three additional representatives from other industrial fleet or transportation companies.
Jump up onto the box with both feet (Figure 5-47b) Jump off of the box treatment for strep throat purchase generic meldonium on line, landing on the other side with both feet (Figure 5-47c) Jump up and over the box from side to side continuously for the designated time medicine ball buy cheapest meldonium. Landing on the Box Coaching Points · Avoid pausing between the landings · the landing should be soft and quiet · Stay low throughout drill Figure 5-47c treatment under eye bags cheap 500mg meldonium with visa. Lateral Box Jump Landing (far side) Basics of Strength and Conditioning 81 References 1 symptoms 7 days after embryo transfer purchase cheap meldonium online. Youth resistance training: Updated position statement paper from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketball players. Kinematic factors affecting fast and slow straight and change of direction acceleration times. Eccentric muscle contractions: Their contribution to injury, prevention, rehabilitation, and sport. Specificity of acceleration, maximum speed, and agility in professional soccer players. An evaluation of a new test of reactive agility and its relationship to sprint speed and change of direction speed. Risk management is the modern term because absolute safety remains unachievable; thus, the coach must "manage" risk such that the probability of injury is low. However, modern understanding of safety programs and their implementation involves management more than an implied guarantee of prevention. Therefore, the following information should be used to develop and implement sound strength training and conditioning programs, and facility policies and procedures, to manage risk effectively and help ensure a safe training environment. Allow time and provide opportunities for participants and parents/guardians to ask questions. It is a mistake to simply hand out the documents, request signatures, and then collect them. A physical examination is imperative for all athletes prior to participating in strength training and conditioning programs. This should include a comprehensive health and immunization history as well as a relevant physical exam, part of which includes an orthopedic evaluation (12,13,19,30). Strength training and conditioning coaches do not need a copy of the results, but must require a signed statement verifying proof of medical clearance for athletes to participate. Informed consent requirements now permeate many activities from school field trips to serious medical procedures. Every athlete should be made fully aware of the risks involved in the activity and formally (in writing) agree to undertake those risks. Consent is a term used for people of legal age who are able to sign a legally binding contract. Assent refers to the agreement of the underage participant to take part in the activities and signifies that the underage participant understands the risks involved. Underage athletes will also require the consent of their parent or legal guardian. In order for minors to be involved, their parents and/or guardians must agree to the contents of the document. Informed consent is achieved by acknowledging risk, developing a document that details these risks, presenting the document, and ensuring complete understanding of the risks by all parties (45). Although informed consent is a contract, it is not an agreement to be injured (45). The informed consent document indicates that the athlete has agreed to participate based on understanding the risks involved. At some point the athlete, parent/guardian must sign the informed consent document and thereby agree to participate or allow the underage child to participate in the activity. The signing of the document indicates that both parties are aware of the risks and choose to participate in spite of the risks. These documents must remain in a file in the event the participant is ever injured. No one should be allowed to participate without an informed consent document on file (45).
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