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Another possible reform would involve a post-incarceration mechanism to reconsider the length of prisoners serving long mandatory minimum sentences arthritis in neck how to treat cheap etodolac amex. A somewhat similar approach would be to enact or expand so-called "compassionate release" provisions that exist in several jurisdictions arthritis in fingers with nodules discount 400mg etodolac otc. Bureau of Prisons to make a motion to the district court for the release of a prisoner 3 degenerative arthritis in your neck buy etodolac online pills. Congress could expand this authority to include additional circumstances where the bureau could use parole or other forms of discretionary release to discharge prisoners who have already served significant sentences pursuant to mandatory minimums reactive arthritis diet mayo clinic discount 300 mg etodolac visa. The problematic cases involving mandatory minimums can be mitigated by narrowing their reach and effect. Obviously, the length of mandatory minimums could be reduced, with, for instance, a troubling 5-year minimum sentence scaled back to a 1-year mandatory term. Such reductions could be done discretely to particular statutes or across the board to all mandatory minimums. Alternatively, mandatory minimums could be converted into presumptive sentences, where judges have the authority to issue a lower sentence so long as they provide good reasons as to why the presumption should not apply in a given case. Multi-year mandatory minimums might be eliminated for nonviolent drug crimes, for instance, and offenses by juveniles and nonviolent property crimes might be removed as predicate offenses for recidivist statutes such as three-strikes laws. Another readymade fix would be to preclude the "stacking" of mandatory minimum sentences, such as those pursuant to 18 U. Still other reforms could check the use of mandatory minimums against bit players in criminal schemes by, for example, constraining the application of conspiracy doctrine and accomplice liability as the basis for long mandatory sentences. For many crimes, particularly those that do not involve violence, mandatory minimums could be eliminated. That would be the simplest way to address the problems revealed by the literature," Professor Tonry argued. Several states have recently abolished the death penalty and others have imposed moratoria on executions. Despite extensive constitutional doctrines regulating state capital practices, state capital systems are still fraught with arbitrariness, inaccuracy, and unfairness. Many of the problems facing American capital punishment are intractable and likely unamenable to significant improvement or reform. This chapter describes the obstacles to reform and the case for moratorium or repeal. It then offers three concrete proposals for retentionist jurisdictions, focusing on improving capital representation, centralizing prosecutorial charging decisions, and limiting the application of the death penalty against persons with serious mental illness. After the Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty in 1976, having temporarily abolished it in 1972 in the landmark case of Furman v. Georgia,1 the use of capital punishment rose along virtually every dimension for the next quarter-century. Death sentencing reached its modern-era (post-1976) peak in 1996, when 315 new death sentences were returned. Friendly Professor of Law and Faculty Co-Director of the Criminal Justice Policy Program, Harvard Law School. In 2016, only 30 death sentences were returned nationwide, a decline of more than 90% from the modern-era peak. Similarly, only 20 executions took place nationwide, down almost 80% from the modern-era peak. Public support, measured by the Gallup polling organization, hit a modern-era low, with 60% in favor of the death penalty for murder and 37% against. New York invalidated its capital statute a decade after reinstating it, having conducted no executions during the reinstatement period. Several federal and state courts declared certain capital schemes unconstitutional in their entirety. Supreme Court, have increasingly upheld constitutional challenges to discrete aspects of capital practices, such as standards for the exemption of offenders with intellectual disability and lethal-injection protocols.

Participants showed significant increase of use of these strategies: refuse xanax arthritis pain trusted etodolac 300mg, explain arthritis neck pain headaches buy genuine etodolac on-line, and leave degenerative arthritis in neck and spine cheap 200mg etodolac amex. The adaptation includes use of native cultural contexts rheumatoid arthritis workup order cheap etodolac, spiritual concepts, and Elder support. Culturally-Informed Programs to Reduce Substance Misuse and Promote Mental Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations Maskwacis Life Skills Training Populations Settings Evaluation Design Elementary school students (grades 3 through 5) and junior high school students (grades 6 through 8) in the Maskwacis four nations (previously Hobbema) School Study 1 Prospective, nonexperimental, mixed methods design using pre/post surveys and focus groups. Evaluation Outcomes Study 1 Participants demonstrated significant positive increases in knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to substance abuse from both Euro-Western and Indigenous perspectives from baseline to year 3. Focus groups communicated impact of program on schools, Elders, facilitators, and participants. Culturally-Informed Programs to Reduce Substance Misuse and Promote Mental Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations Maskwacis Life Skills Training Evaluation Studies (cont. Cultural adaptation of a substance abuse prevention program as a catalyst for community change. Trained neighborhood volunteers also serve as natural helpers providing service navigation of, advocacy for, and counseling with youth who may feel more comfortable seeking help from a familiar lay person. Culturally-Informed Programs to Reduce Substance Misuse and Promote Mental Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations Model Adolescent Suicide Prevention Program Populations Settings Evaluation Design Evaluation Outcomes American Indian or Alaska Native children, adolescents, and young adults from the Western Athabaskan Tribal Nation Outpatient, home, school, and community Non-experimental, panel study with trend analysis of data collected 2 years prior to implementation and for 13 years during program implementation. Participation was associated with overall significant reductions in: נSuicidal gestures and attempts נSelf-destructive acts over time Young adults (19- to 24-year-olds) had the greatest reduction in combined gestures and attempts than other age group; youths (11- to 18-year-olds) significantly reduced gestures and attempts over time. Outcome evaluation of a public health approach to suicide prevention in an American Indian tribal nation. Adolescent suicide prevention program manual: A public health model for Native American communities. The intervention comprises 24 sessions on topics such as alcohol and other drug abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and coping with pressures, and draws on Native American values. Based on Stages of Change and Diffusion of Innovations models, and relying on popular opinion leaders, the curriculum includes 29 sessions on topics such as team-building, self-esteem, goal-setting, decision-making, negotiation and refusal skills, peer educator skills, and effective communication. Focused on preventing and reducing risky sexual behavior and substance misuse, the curriculum incorporates stories, legends, and symbols of many Indigenous cultures to meet specific learning objectives. Throughout the program, the following topics are discussed: (1) Wanorauzi Ahocipa (The Inner Spirit), (2) Da? Culturally-Informed Programs to Reduce Substance Misuse and Promote Mental Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations Nimi Icinohabi Program Settings Evaluation Design Evaluation Outcomes School Prospective, mixed methods design using pre/post questionnaires with students, and focus groups with community members. Students demonstrated positive changes in: נDrug and alcohol refusal skills נSelf-beliefs נKnowledge of the negative effects of drug and alcohol use Community gained ownership and investment into the program. A culturally adapted drug and alcohol abuse prevention program for Aboriginal children and youth. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 3(1), 37ʹ6. The program was culturally tailored by changing the language and images, and using culturally appropriate implementation methods. Importance of social support in preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies with American Indian communities. Culturally-Informed Programs to Reduce Substance Misuse and Promote Mental Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations Our Life Description Our Life is a psycho-educational group-structured program that focuses on violence, trauma, and substance abuse among American Indian youth and families. The intervention has four components: (1) healing historical trauma through experiential methods and cultural practices, (2) reconnecting to traditional cultural language by learning from elders and practitioners, (3) parenting/social skill building, and (4) building relationships between parents and youth through equine-assisted activities. Unknown University-based researchers and American Indian tribal members through a community-based participatory research partnership American Indians aged 7 to 17 and their parents in New Mexico Central non-stigmatized location Prospective, quasi-experimental, mixed-method within-group longitudinal design with 18 youth assessed at 5 time points (prior to intervention, 3-month midpoint, immediate end of intervention, and 6 months and 12 months post intervention) using quantitative measures and qualitative open-ended questions. Quantitative analysis revealed that youth who completed at least 9 intervention sessions demonstrated an increase in: נננננTraditional cultural identity Self-esteem Positive coping strategies Quality of life Social adjustment Costs Developer(s) Populations Settings Evaluation Design Evaluation Outcomes Qualitative analysis revealed that participants reported: נננננננIncreased positive attitude and respect Improved academic performance Increased social support Decrease in anger Improved family connections Improved family social dynamics Increased cultural knowledge. Culturally-Informed Programs to Reduce Substance Misuse and Promote Mental Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations Our Life Evaluation Studies Goodkind, J. Feasibility, acceptability, and initial findings from a community-based cultural mental health intervention for American Indian youth and their families. School data revealed increases in: ננננSchool enrollment Percentage of students completing the school year Composite group achievement test scores Student involvement in school sports, school government and social functions, extracurricular activities, cultural ceremonies, and American Indian arts and crafts activities School data also revealed fewer incidents of drug or alcohol possession at the high school level.

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For example arthritis medication for heart patients discount etodolac 200 mg on-line, William Shakespeare is now seen as the epitome of high culture arthritis quiz cheap generic etodolac canada, yet as late as the nineteenth century his work was very much a part of popular theatre can arthritis in the knee be cured buy discount etodolac online. Similarly arthritis stiff fingers purchase etodolac 300 mg, film noir can be seen to have crossed the border supposedly separating popular and high culture: in other words, what started as popular cinema is now the preserve of academics and film clubs. Even the most rigorous defenders of high culture would not want to exclude Pavarotti or Puccini from its select enclave. Such commercial success on any quantitative analysis would make the composer, the performer and the aria, popular culture. But his complaint highlights something very significant about the high/popular divide: the elitist investment that some put in its continuation. About 250,000 people were expected, but because of heavy rain, the number who actually attended was around 100,000. His obvious popularity would appear to call into question any clear division between high and popular culture. Second, the extent of his popularity would appear to threaten the class exclusivity of a high/popular divide. It is therefore interesting to note the way in which the event was reported in the media. What the tabloid coverage reveals is a clear attempt to define the event for popular culture. When the event was reported on television news programmes the following lunchtime, the tabloid coverage was included as part of the general meaning of the event. Although such comments invoked the spectre of high-culture exclusivity, they seemed strangely at a loss to offer any purchase on the event. The apparently obvious cultural division between high and popular culture no longer seemed so obvious. This demonstrates quite clearly the way in which popular and popular culture carries within its definitional field connotations of inferiority; a second-best culture for those unable to understand, let alone appreciate, real 8 Chapter 1 What is popular culture? This is principally the work of the education system and its promotion of a selective tradition (see Chapter 3). The mass culture perspective will be discussed in some detail in Chapter 2; therefore all I want to do here is to suggest the basic terms of this definition. The first point that those who refer to popular culture as mass culture want to establish is that popular culture is a hopelessly commercial culture. The culture itself is formulaic, manipulative (to the political right or left, depending on who is doing the analysis). But as John Fiske (1989a) points out, `between 80 and 90 per cent of new products fail despite extensive advertising. Simon Frith (1983: 147) also points out that about 80 per cent of singles and albums lose money. Such statistics should clearly call into question the notion of consumption as an automatic and passive activity (see Chapters 7 and 10). This usually takes one of two forms: a lost organic community or a lost folk culture. The Frankfurt School, as we shall see in Chapter 4, locate the lost golden age, not in the past, but in the future. For some cultural critics working within the mass culture paradigm, mass culture is not just an imposed and impoverished culture, it is in a clear identifiable sense an imported American culture: `If popular culture in its modern form was invented in any one place, it was. The claim that popular culture is American culture has a long history within the theoretical mapping of popular culture. Its central theme is that British culture has declined under the Popular culture 9 homogenizing influence of American culture. There are two things we can say with some confidence about the United States and popular culture. Second, although the availability of American culture worldwide is undoubted, how what is available is consumed is at the very least contradictory (see Chapter 9). What is true is that in the 1950s (one of the key periods of Americanization), for many young people in Britain, American culture represented a force of liberation against the grey certainties of British everyday life. What is also clear is that the fear of Americanization is closely related to a distrust (regardless of national origin) of emerging forms of popular culture.

With investment in better transportation options rheumatoid arthritis pleural effusion generic 300mg etodolac amex, economic opportunity is increased arthritis in fingers age discount etodolac 400 mg mastercard, and these communities can thrive arthritis dogs natural purchase etodolac 300 mg online. While the mandated social equity analysis of the economic impacts of the 2019 Regional Plan has yet to be conducted arthritis in my fingers buy etodolac 300 mg online, the analysis for the 2015 Regional Plan showed that lower-income residents benefitted slightly more than the population as a whole from transportation investments, and that 13 46 their access to jobs, education, and amenities increased substantially. Many of these communities are relatively close to the core of San Diego, Escondido, and other communities in San Diego County. Like other metropolitan areas around the country, the San Diego region has seen a resurgence in development in the central cities and surrounding neighborhoods, a trend which is likely to continue. Some are concerned that this type of development can lead to gentrification, and argue that it displaces the economically disadvantaged and weakens community identity, but recent research indicates that residents in neighborhoods that have seen substantial increases in housing prices enjoyed improved economic health. Relationships between the Economy and Environment In economic theory, the inputs to economic production are usually referred to as "land, labor, capital, and raw materials. However, as the science of economics has advanced, concepts such as pollution as an "externality," or of "ecosystem services," have become more generally understood, and a healthy natural environment is known to be both a cause and a result of economic health; a cause in that economic damage is a hindrance to economic development, and a result in that wealthier economies demand higher environmental quality. The San Diego region is fortunate to have a quality environment and a healthy economy that is, in many ways, based on that environment. The tourism economy relies heavily on the environment, and the quality-of-life issues that make San Diego such an attractive place to live also hinge on environmental factors. In an economic sense, protecting the environment sometimes means balancing the needs of industry with environmental considerations. Frequently, though, in San Diego and elsewhere, the technologies and approaches that benefit the environment also are beneficial to the economic bottom line when costs and benefits are properly understood. While costs can be obvious, the benefits of considering the environment in an economic context are twofold. First, the economy as a whole can become more efficient when costs of environmental degradation are reduced with policies that have proven to be strikingly cost-effective for the economy as a whole,20 and sometimes for the private sector, as in the case of energy efficiency. This is the case in the San Diego region, where over 7,000 jobs with an average wage of over $87,000, are in the "cleantech" sector, which produces products and services related to renewable energy, alternative energy, and energy efficiency. The issue of global climate change, however, is interwoven with most other environmental issues, but also with the structure of the economy and the physical infrastructure of the region. California has enacted aggressive climate change policies that will affect many aspects of the economy and will likely result in both substantial costs and in many business opportunities. There is considerable uncertainty as to the timing and severity of these impacts and to our ability to avoid, mitigate, and/or adapt to them should they occur to any substantial degree. Technological and engineering solutions of varying cost and effectiveness could mitigate or prevent many of the effects, but it is likely that behavioral changes will be required as well. The positive aspect of taking steps to avoid or mitigate climate change is that they assist with many of the other objectives in the 2019 Regional Plan and can have substantial economic benefits. For example, a push to improve energy and water efficiency, if well-designed, can benefit the San Diego economy, independent of its effect on climate change, by saving money and encouraging efficiency in markets that have not historically had strong conservation incentives. The same is true for air quality; a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is likely to have associated reductions in pollutants that result in positive health effects. Land use regulations, zoning, and transportation infrastructure intended to reduce transportation carbon dioxide emissions can create denser, mixed-use communities that can be more desirable to the growing populations of younger professionals, singles, and seniors. These steps also can lead to better health outcomes and improved access to schools, jobs, and recreation for those with limited resources, increasing economic opportunity. Assessing and preparing for vulnerabilities of drought and severe weather can have substantial economic benefits, even if the frequency and intensity of these natural phenomena does not increase. The cost-effectiveness of any climate-change or environmental mitigation strategy may be difficult to quantify using existing analytical tools, but as with all environmental concerns, it is important to remember that the environment and the economy are not separate, but intertwined. To obtain the most accurate picture of the economic effects of policy decisions concerning transportation and land use, it is critical to analyze their impact on the environment. Funding sources-local, state, and federal- rely on policies and priorities determined by political processes over which San Diego has little control. It has been demonstrated locally that even a dedicated funding stream from sales taxes can vary from year to year as economic conditions fluctuate and consumer behavior changes. The effects of state and local tax policy, such as gas tax rates or e-commerce taxation, can have outsize impact on local revenues. While transportation planning is critical to the future economic health of the San Diego region, the economy is an amalgam of federal, state, and local rules that guide the complex interactions among the thousands of businesses that call the region home, and between the businesses in our region and the wider economic world. Decisions, issues, and conditions far from San Diego have large impacts in our region, and few of these factors are within control of the residents of the San Diego region.